This schematic illustrates how regulating electron spin states through six key strategies—including defect engineering, valence modulation, and magnetic field application—can optimize catalytic ...

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A light pulse redirects electrons in an ultrathin layered material, creating a stable new state without heat or damage and suggesting a low-energy route to faster electronics. (Nanowerk Spotlight) ...

AES operates on the principle of the Auger effect, named after the French physicist Pierre Auger. When a material's surface is bombarded with a beam of high-energy electrons or photons, it causes the ...