Abu Bakr ibn ‘Umar — The Sovereign Moor of the Almoravid Empire Abu Bakr ibn ‘Umar, leader of the Lamtuna Moors of the Western Sahara, was remembered in his own time as a coal-black Berber king. On the 1413 Portolan Map of Mecía de Viladestes, European cartographers depicted him with dark skin, crown, and scepter — ruling the desert empire that rose to shape North Africa and al-Andalus. This is not revision. This is primary historical evidence of Black Berber rulership and state-formation in the